Shuttle Endeavour leaves Houston on its final transcontinental flight, September, 2012
The transfer of shuttle Endeavour to California this past month, including several flyovers in Houston I witnessed and videoed, signals the last "flight" of the Space Shuttle era. For us late Baby Boomers and beyond, the Shuttle was a continuous element of our adult lives from its inception. It has also been linked indirected with my own career more than once. The flyovers and public viewing in Houston last month were perhaps not so surprisingly emotive personally, given the link professionally and the link through time. What follows is a personal retrospective on Shuttle history, a reflection on the journey we all, as individuals and as a nation, have taken with the Shuttle for the past 4 decades.
Endeavour flies past the Mercury-Redstone at JSC on its last trip - September 2012
Much of Shuttle history derives directly from its origins. The shuttle program was founded in 1972 as the space agency fought for some sort follow-up to Apollo, lest exploration of space die on the Moon. The high adventure of the Apollo moon landings gave flight to some fanciful and wild dreams for the future of manned space exploration, including orbiting stations, shuttles to orbit, deep space probes to the planets . . . Articles in 1969 frequently featured subterranean Moon-bases and orbital infrastructure not far removed from what we saw on the big screen the year before in 2001: A Space Odyssey. Many of these visions had their roots in much earlier dreams, especially those from the 1950's following the War and capture of the german rocket scientists, the chief of those being Werner von Braun. Dreams of space conquest were famously captured in the paints of Chesley Bonestal, and others and in articles in Collier's. The shuttle was hoped to be the beginning of this next era, but the future in space did not quite follow this path. Neither Congress nor Nixon were in a spending mood in space. The result was a vehicle built from compromise, perpetually struggling to justify it existence from the day of its inception.
optimistic tho faded clip from a Buffalo newspaper July 12, 1969 . . .
Despite its triumphant and anguished history, Americans are justifiably proud of their men and women on the Space Shuttle, and we tend to invest a lot of national pride in them, even when flights seemed to be routine, reduced to the mundane of lofting cargo to the Space Station. We often tend to neglect that pride. The Shuttle program took us on a powerful ride to places we didn't anticipate, from exhilaration to despair. It is fitting to pause to reflect on some of those moments.
September 17, 1976
Enterprise Rollout
Four years after funding start, the first test Shuttle, Enterprise, rolls out of the assembly building, joined by the cast of Star Trek. Destined for flight and landing tests, it would represent the fleet at the Air and Space Museum until Shuttle retirement 35 years later. It's only trips to the launch pad were integration and structural tests at KSC and the later abandoned Vandenberg Shuttle launch facility in California.
August 12, 1977
Approach and Landing Tests (Enterprise)
Enterprise was taken airborne by its 747 carrier and cut loose for several free-flight and landing tests in southern California. Now largely forgotten, the first of these 5 flights was telecast live on several networks (in the days before Cable, the Internet, cell phones, etc.). The landing tests went very well and there was genuine enthusiasm but development problems continue, especially concerning loose heat shield tiles on the underbelly and with the main engines. The first launch was initially scheduled for 1979. Skylab's orbit decayed, and the Shuttle was not ready to save the laboratory before it entered the atmosphere and crashed into the Australian desert in 1979. Meanwhile the first launch of Columbia slipped, and slipped . . .
April 12, 1981
First Shuttle launch
STS-1 (Columbia)
The launch had been scheduled for April 10 but halted at T-9 minutes when the on-board computers failed to chat properly. Disappointed, we all geared up again for the 7 am (EDT) liftoff two days later, now coinciding with the 20th anniversary of the first manned orbital flight by the Soviet Union's Yuri Gagarin. We watched with curiosity and amazement. This was something new, though far riskier than we knew at the time. We were just coming out of the unsettling 1970's, the oil crises, gas lines, Iranian hostages, Soviet Afganistan invasion, job losses in steel and other key industries . . . The Reagan administration was only a few months old, but the hostages had been released, he had just survived an assassination attempt 2 weeks before (the low point of his popularity swing in 1982 was yet to come), Disco was finally dead, and the 6 year hiatus in manned spaceflight highlighted by continual reports of shuttle construction difficulties was finally almost over. As a happy accident of timing, the shuttle launch became part of a national reawakening out of the angst of the prior decade (the crushing debt load incurred as part of that rebirth would have to be dealt with later).
I was in first year at graduate school in Illinois and listened on the radio during the 7 am launch, disappointed that I couldn't find a TV at that hour. The strapped together tanks and rockets gave Columbia a very different look to the Saturn V, described by some as a "space-age Taj Mahal," it's external tank painted white in those days. The Shuttle also had a more muscular feel to it in contrast to the slower moving Saturn and "leapt off the pad." Astronauts John Young and Bob Crippen became national heroes for a while. A wide frontier of unknown possibilities seem to open before us. The flight captivated us. Here was something new, an engineering marvel, and it all went off perfectly (almost) on the very first flight. Wow.
I was in first year at graduate school in Illinois and listened on the radio during the 7 am launch, disappointed that I couldn't find a TV at that hour. The strapped together tanks and rockets gave Columbia a very different look to the Saturn V, described by some as a "space-age Taj Mahal," it's external tank painted white in those days. The Shuttle also had a more muscular feel to it in contrast to the slower moving Saturn and "leapt off the pad." Astronauts John Young and Bob Crippen became national heroes for a while. A wide frontier of unknown possibilities seem to open before us. The flight captivated us. Here was something new, an engineering marvel, and it all went off perfectly (almost) on the very first flight. Wow.
June 18, 1983
STS-7 (Challenger)
With the shuttle emerging from its test flights into "operational" status, things seem to settle into a routine of sorts, and this opened the doors to some long neglected opportunities. The first major Shuttle highlight and media show after STS-1 was the flight of the first american female astronaut, the late Sally Ride.
August 30, 1983
STS-8 (Challenger)
First African-american astronaut, Guion Bluford, was in fact the first "minority" astronaut of any kind. It was also the first Shuttle night launch and night landing, always a spectacle. The flight also featured the first close call of the program, and a warning sign, as one of the booster nozzles very nearly burned through during launch. This could have caused the entire ascending vehicle to tumble out of control.
STS-41-B (Challenger)
This mission produced one of the most famous and iconic images from the Shuttle era, that of Bruce McCandless floating free in space, the first untethered space walk in history. It also marked the clumsy change in flight designation numerology, and the first landing at Kennedy Space Center, Florida, marking the first return to launch site and closing one of the last remaining links to the Shuttle's promised reusability.
April 6, 1984
STS-41-C
The Solar Max Repair mission was the first to capture and repair a satellite in orbit, fulfilling another of the promised objectives of the program. It did not go smoothly at first, as the attempt to capture the satellite by astronaut Nelson failed and the satellite began to tumble.
June 26, 1984
STS-41-D (Discovery)
First launch abort after engine ignition of the Shuttle (and first such since Gemini 6 in 1965). There was also a brief hydrogen fire on the pad shortly afterwards, but it was contained before any damage could occur.
January 24, 1986
STS-51-C (Discovery)
First classified DoD shuttle mission. 'nuf said. The military was still building the Vandenberg shuttle launch complex in California at this time.
January 28, 1986
STS-51-L (STS-25, Challenger)
Five years into flight, we had come to think of shuttle launches as somewhat routine, and watched with scorn, frustration, and open mockery as NASA struggled in seemingly futile attempts to launch the thing on schedule. Something wasn't working right but we mostly assumed it would work itself out eventually. One thing was clear, the shuttle wasn't exactly living up to its touted capability of 100 routine launches a year. The machine was already proving much more complex and costly than had been (irrationally) projected.
High in the sky for all to see, the familiar rocket plume abruptly blossomed into a large orange cloud as the two solid rockets shot out free and began wandering the sky. The image of the giant "Y" or perhaps a "Why?" in the sky over Florida, formed by the two solid rocket booster exhaust plumes trailing forward, became seared into the memory of anyone old enough to understand its meaning. Those familiar with shuttle launches knew it was wrong but some wondered. The fact that it occurred 1 day after the anniversary of the Apollo-1 fire in 1967 was jarring.
I myself woke late (I was in graduate school studying planetary science at Washington University in Saint Louis) to try and catch any new images from the Voyager 2 Uranus encounter 4 days earlier. Instead I was caught up in the coverage 15 minutes after the explosion. The rest of the day was spent in a mental and emotional haze. Working effectively just wasn't going to happen. The TV coverage (there was no internet) continued throughout most of the day, followed by Reagan's memorable address to the nation that afternoon.
The national shock was enormous, the "JFK" moment of our generation. The New York Times noted the importance of the event with its headline "The Shuttle Explodes," not "a" but "The" shuttle. Quoting Don Davis, "The Challenger Disaster was a mortal blow to the optimistic dreams of widespread access to space such as we still had then." Many felt the shuttle program had only just begun to fulfill its potential and the march into space had been cruelly interrupted. A great determination to pick ourselves up off the ground, dust ourselves off, and get back on our winged horse and resume the great adventure took hold.
Each step in the redesign and testing of the systems components was reported in detail over the next 2 years, as were the finding of crew remains and the hearings that exposed the management weaknesses of NASA and its improper handling of the shuttle system outside its design limits and this launch in particular. It was also by now clear that the Shuttle was much more complex and tempermental than hoped for. Also, the decision to use one vehicle for all our launch services and especially using humans to launch telecom satellites was now obviously seriously flawed and the Shuttle manifest was quietly reshuffled. NASA scrambled to readjust launch manifests but some vehicles could not be moved and exploration vehicles like Galileo, Ulysses, HST and Magellan remained tethered to the shuttle launch system, delayed by years as a result. The effects on Galileo included a 6-year delay and a serious antenna failure, both of which would impact on my own work on the Jovian satellites. Yet it is the kick in the gut that day that lingers.
The national shock was enormous, the "JFK" moment of our generation. The New York Times noted the importance of the event with its headline "The Shuttle Explodes," not "a" but "The" shuttle. Quoting Don Davis, "The Challenger Disaster was a mortal blow to the optimistic dreams of widespread access to space such as we still had then." Many felt the shuttle program had only just begun to fulfill its potential and the march into space had been cruelly interrupted. A great determination to pick ourselves up off the ground, dust ourselves off, and get back on our winged horse and resume the great adventure took hold.
Each step in the redesign and testing of the systems components was reported in detail over the next 2 years, as were the finding of crew remains and the hearings that exposed the management weaknesses of NASA and its improper handling of the shuttle system outside its design limits and this launch in particular. It was also by now clear that the Shuttle was much more complex and tempermental than hoped for. Also, the decision to use one vehicle for all our launch services and especially using humans to launch telecom satellites was now obviously seriously flawed and the Shuttle manifest was quietly reshuffled. NASA scrambled to readjust launch manifests but some vehicles could not be moved and exploration vehicles like Galileo, Ulysses, HST and Magellan remained tethered to the shuttle launch system, delayed by years as a result. The effects on Galileo included a 6-year delay and a serious antenna failure, both of which would impact on my own work on the Jovian satellites. Yet it is the kick in the gut that day that lingers.
April 15, 1986
Titan 34D rocket explodes 8.5 seconds into flight
May 3, 1986
Delta rocket explodes 90 seconds into flight
Coming within months of the Challenger accident, these two successive launch failures came as a new shock as our space program seemed to falter. Both vehicles would be launching again within a year but the US seemed suddenly impotent in space, with little if any reliable access to orbit.
September 28, 1988
Return to Flight
STS-26 (Discovery)
The tension and anticipation across the nation and at the JPL auditorium where I watched the countdown was palpable. If the nation could have stood on the pad and pushed the thing skyward I think they might have. At the time, the Reagan era was grinding to its drawn-out conclusion but distractions were few and the entire nation focused on the launch. The drama of launch was hightened further by a false alarm threatening to hold the count at T-0:31. Even the voice of NASA, Jack King, was having a little trouble maintaining coherency, but watching the launch replays (you can see them on YouTube) and hearing that whooping cheer at liftoff can still give one a sense of the relief and exhilaration felt as "american's return to space," in Jack's words, as the long 2 and half year grounding came to an end. Reactions differed but few watching remained emotionally indifferent. I still choke up a little every time I watch the replay.
STS-26 "Return to Flight" CNN coverage
STS-26 "Return to Flight" CNN coverage
November 15, 1988
STS-27 (Atlantis)
This classified DoD mission remains shrouded in mystery but the second post-Challenger flight is also highlighted by unusually severe thermal tile damage, foreshadowing the destruction of Columbia 14 years later.
November 15, 1988
Buran
NASA was still wounded by Challenger when the Soviet Union launched their version of the Shuttle, Buran. Many questioned our national choices in space, pointing to the apparent soviet successes on space station Mir, their new launch vehicle Energia and now this new Space shuttle, seemingly a better version of our own. Although motivated by fears of a military gap, their shuttle suffered from similar doubts about purpose and value. Within 3 years the nation that brought forth Buran would itself break apart, and the historic space agency it founded would be brought to the brink of collapse. The Mir space station would later suffer a series of near catastrophic accidents and breakdowns. This would be the soviet shuttle's only flight. Buran itself was destroyed when its hanger collapsed in 2002.
April 24, 1990
Hubble Space Telescope deployment
STS-31 (Discovery)
The HST was to be a great leap forward in astronomy, lifting our sights above the turbulent atmosphere that protects us to see deeper and more clearly than possible from the ground. Great discoveries were expected and the flight was well covered. Designed to be serviced by astronauts, the HST also seemed to embody the stalled hopes of the Shuttle system in which astronauts, in a real-life version of the McCall painting on the walls of the Air and Space Museum, would wander the skies like auto mechanics, servicing a vast space infrastructure. Challenger killed that dream, but part of it lived on in the telescope, and fortunately so when it soon became apparent that the mirror had been ground improperly. NASA and its telescope instantly became cannon fodder to late-night comedians and critics alike.
December 2, 1993
Hubble Servicing Mission
STS-61 (Endeavour)
The first scheduled servicing flight to HST became much more than that when it also became a mission to fix the optics and salvage NASA's reputation. The early 1990's were a difficult time as a number of old decisions were coming back to haunt the agency and it's capability to perform was seriously in doubt. The most embarrassing of these was the condition of its flagship space telescope. The telescope was well over budget and beset with technical problems, most of which were not completely solved by launch time. In the 3 years since launch so many of the machines systems had either broken or proven flawed that 5 full days of spacewalks had to be scheduled to repair them all. Gyros, solar panels, magnetometers, etc., all had to be replaced or repaired, the most pressing of these being the perfectly flawed primary optical mirror. The Hubble was in danger of becoming an albatross. NASA's very future was riding on the success of this mission, or so it seemed to many.
The key element in the repair effort was the exceptionally clever set of small precision lenses to be placed in the light path to adjust for the distorted main mirror. The night launch added to what was already for NASA one its most dramatic launches since Apollo. The spacewalks went off with few hitches and NASA's detailed preparations payed off handsomely when the first sharp clear images were released later that month. Their efforts helped make Story Musgrave and his companion spacewalkers folk heroes for a while, the first of their kind since Sally Ride and the crew of STS-1. That week may well have been the high-water mark of the Shuttle program. The fact that the fix came just in time for Hubble to return spectacular images of a comet striking Jupiter in 1994 was a wonderful coincidence and seemed a very good omen indeed. All seemed right with NASA again.
Shuttle Endeavour approaching HST,
the distorted solar panels plainly visible to the crew
June 27, 1995
Shuttle-Mir docking
STS-71 (Atlantis)
The sight of the soviet space station from the shuttle was fascinating from the gee-whiz POV and a foretaste of the International Space Station that replaced it. The 7 flights to Mir marked the beginning of the first true sustained international collaboration in manned space.
John Glenn returns to space
STS-95 (Discovery)
Although widely panned as a publicity stunt, the return to space of the first american to orbit the Earth (the first human was Yuri Gagarin, a Soviet citizen), was widely watched. Those old enough to remember his original flight in 1962 were either happy to see him return or oddly disinterested.
December 4, 1998
First ISS Assembly Launch
STS-88 (Endeavor)
At this time, the shuttle began to concentrate almost all of its efforts in support of the Int'l Space Station, beginning with the launch of the Unity component to mate with the previously launched Zarya russian component. The concept of using manned vehicles and their inherent complexity, cost and risk to lift hardware had long been discarded but the Shuttle no longer had (or was given) any other role to play. It was available, and all the hardware had been designed to fit in the shuttle anyway, and it kept the nation "in space". Oddly, the shuttle's next loss would not involve the ISS at all but occur on its last dedicated science mission.
February 1, 2003
STS-103 (Columbia reentry)
When the Columbia broke apart in the skies over north Texas, less than a week after the annual Challenger anniversary, the nation wept again. The TV kept replaying the amateur video of the splitting contrails streaking across the skies of north Texas, as the Shuttle broke apart at 200,000 feet and debris rained down. They were 15 minutes from landing and only a few minutes from the end of atmospheric reentry. This time it was different. With Challenger, we had only begun this new phase of man's journey into space. Loss of Challenger left us with a resolve get back into space but this time the feeling was more of resignation and defeat, like having the wind knocked out of you. We all seemed to say to ourselves "oh no, not again." I was at a retreat in rural central Texas and woke to what sounded like a clap of distant thunder in a clear sky, learning only an hour later that it was the sonic boom of the shuttle 200 miles to the north over Dallas as it began to break apart.
This was also only 18 months after September 11, and in the middle of the run-up to the Iraq war. Israel's first astronaut was also aboard, and they too mourned. We resolved to restore the Shuttle fleet to operations but the shuttle's fragile nature could no longer be ignored (a piece of foam had knocked a hole in the wing, leading to a burn-through on reentry), nor could the return of complacency and the sometimes casual insistence that the shuttle could operate like a city bus. In essence, the rather routine damage that had been occurring at launch due to shedding foam was becoming ingrained as acceptable, leading to the false conclusion that the orbiter could not be seriously damaged. Regardless, the compromises that went into the original shuttle design were now being openly discussed and NASA and the nation finally began to openly debate how to replace the aging fleet, leading directly to the 2004 Bush decision that the shuttle be retired and replaced. That first fact is now upon us. The future course is before us . . .
memorial tributes, February 3, JSC entrance . . .
July 26, 2005
STS-114 (Discovery)
Return to Flight
Different than 1988, this mission signaled the beginning of the end-phase of Shuttle history and we all knew it. There was relief to be flying again but the sense of future was lacking. The irreversible decision to retire the fleet by 2010 had already been taken by Mr. Bush. Each subsequent mission was operated with great labor and care so as to minimize risk, but the remaining focus was almost solely on completion of the Space Station. The fact that foam damage occurred again during launch led to a year-long interruption as the problem was reexamined yet again and largely if not finally solved.
August 8, 2007
STS-118 (Endeavor)
The mission featured the flight of teacher Barbara Morgan, after a 21 year battle to get her mission as the back-up for Christa McAuliffe. Although NASA refused to call her a Teacher in Space, not wishing to stir memories of Challenger or disturb Christa's long sleep, it was still nice to see this dream come true.
October 23, 2007
STS-120 (Atlantis)
Much of the Shuttle and Space station work went unheralded and unnoticed, even when testing human skill and ingenuity, as they often did. Case in point: the space walk by Parazynski to repair tears in a ISS solar panel at the utmost reach of robotic and human arms.
May 11, 2009
STS-120 (Atlantis)
Much of the Shuttle and Space station work went unheralded and unnoticed, even when testing human skill and ingenuity, as they often did. Case in point: the space walk by Parazynski to repair tears in a ISS solar panel at the utmost reach of robotic and human arms.
May 11, 2009
STS-125 (Atlantis)
Final Hubble Space Telescope servicing mission. The joint Shuttle-HST story may be one of the most enduring of the shuttle era.
April 22, 2010
Boeing X-37 Spaceplane
This highly classified mission, a sort-of miniature Space Shuttle, heralds one possible future for space. The need to separate the crew and cargo capabilities of the Shuttle was clear but could the X-37 fill the first of those goals? The air force is mum.
May 14, 2010
STS-132 (Atlantis)
February 24, 2011
STS-133 (Discovery)
STS-134 (Endeavour)
Retirement
Beginning with the retirement flight of Atlantis, the nation starts a year-long celebration, commemoration, goodbye for its' Shuttle. Each in turn, the 3 remaining spacecraft are taken on their final flights, completing the job of Space Station construction to which they had been assigned for most of the past decade. STS-134 (Endeavour) mission commander Mark Kelly, husband to Congresswoman Giffords, was to be the final Shuttle commander until Atlantis was rescheduled for an additional, final, flight (STS-135).
Beginning with the retirement flight of Atlantis, the nation starts a year-long celebration, commemoration, goodbye for its' Shuttle. Each in turn, the 3 remaining spacecraft are taken on their final flights, completing the job of Space Station construction to which they had been assigned for most of the past decade. STS-134 (Endeavour) mission commander Mark Kelly, husband to Congresswoman Giffords, was to be the final Shuttle commander until Atlantis was rescheduled for an additional, final, flight (STS-135).
July 8, 2011
STS-135 (Atlantis)
Final Flight
Joy, pride, melancholy, and a few tears, the final flight of Atlantis and of the Shuttle fleet is watched nationwide. Those of us who were old enough to remember the first Shuttle flight 30 years ago that spring (and indeed the difficult 'birthing' process of the development years), could not help but recall with similar emotions those times and the vivid memories of the Shuttle's triumphs and defeats.
So much had changed across our planet and society in the 30 years since 1981, technologically, socially, politically . . . it would take days to review them all. The Shuttle itself also matured technically, with glass cockpits and other improvements, but it remained the same basic space truck, a line of continuity through a quarter of a century of history.
So much had changed across our planet and society in the 30 years since 1981, technologically, socially, politically . . . it would take days to review them all. The Shuttle itself also matured technically, with glass cockpits and other improvements, but it remained the same basic space truck, a line of continuity through a quarter of a century of history.
After-thoughts
Although dictated by the remorseless logic of aerodynamics and weight restrictions, the Space Shuttle possessed a certain beauty. From the triple stack of the tank and two external boosters, down to the black on white lines along the edge and wing, the Shuttle's design lines gave it an architectural monumentalism, especially when it was painted all white during its first launches, and seen in some of the images posted above. The orbiter itself is a work of engineering art. The sight of the elegant winged vehicle drifting gracefully across the black void, Earth in the background, is one of those scenes that is on my list of must do's but never could and now never will see. The images of the Shuttle in space are some of the prettiest of the space age.
Much has changed since the first launch in 1981. Over the next three decades we witnessed the Internet, DVD, the cell phone explosion, music CDs followed by MP3 players, iPods and iPhones, two Gulf Wars, September 11, and all that followed. Part of our present difficulty stems from the virtual national bankruptcy inflicted on us as a result of the gross mismanagement of the second of those wars. It is important to remember here also that the decision to retire the Shuttle is entirely a G.W. Bush legacy. The decision for retirement was a direct result of the loss of Columbia over the skies of Texas, and the final realization of the Shuttle's inherent limitations in safety and capability, with a shift of funding and resources toward the building of a new and more versatile space vehicle. Whether that will now happen depends ongoing debates. Oddly enough, the Shuttle program began with a 6 year hiatus in manned flight, and we look to repeat that again.
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